Ocean Acidification Definition

The oceans have reduced the effects of global warming for thousands of years by absorbing carbon dioxide. Now the basic chemistry of the oceans is changing because of our activities, with devastating consequences for marine life. What Causes Ocean Acidification? Its no secret that global warming is a major issue. A main cause of global warming is our release of carbon dioxide, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and the burning of vegetation. Over time, the oceans have helped this problem by absorbing excess carbon dioxide. According to NOAA, the oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil fuel emissions weve generated over the past 200 years. As the carbon dioxide is absorbed, it reacts with the ocean water to form carbonic acid. This process is called ocean acidification. Over time, this acid causes the pH of the oceans to decrease, making ocean water more acidic. This can have drastic consequences on corals and other marine life, with cascading impacts on the fishing and tourism industries. More About pH and Ocean Acidification The term pH is a measure of acidity. If youve ever had an aquarium, you know that pH is important, and pH needs to be adjusted to optimal levels for your fish to thrive. The ocean has an optimal pH, too. As the ocean becomes more acidic, it becomes more difficult for corals and organisms to build skeletons and shells using calcium carbonate. In addition, the process of acidosis, or buildup of carbonic acid in body fluids, may affect fish and other marine life by compromising their ability to reproduce, breathe and fight diseases. How Bad is the Ocean Acidification Problem? On a pH scale, 7 is neutral, with 0 the most acidic and 14 the most basic. The historical pH of sea water is about 8.16, leaning on the basic side of the scale.The pH of our oceans has fallen to 8.05 since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. While this may not seem like a big deal, this is a change greater in magnitude than any time in the 650,000 years before the Industrial Revolution. The pH scale is also logarithmic, so that slight change in pH results in a 30 percent increase in acidity. Another problem is that once the oceans get their fill of carbon dioxide, scientists think the oceans could become a carbon dioxide source, rather than a sink. This means the ocean will contribute to the global warming problem by adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life The effects of ocean acidification can be dramatic and far-reaching, and will affect animals such as fish, shellfish, corals, and plankton. Animals such as clams, oysters, scallops, urchins and corals that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells will have a difficult time building them, and protecting themselves as the shells will be weaker. In addition to having weaker shells, mussels will also have a reduced ability to grip  as the increased acid weakens their byssal threads. Fish will also need to adapt to the changing pH and work harder to remove acid out of its blood, which can impact other behaviors, such as reproduction, growth and food digestion. On the other hand, some animals such as lobsters and crabs may adapt well as their shells become stronger in more acidic water. Many of the possible effects of ocean acidification are unknown or still being studied. What Can We Do About Ocean Acidification? Lowering our emissions will help the ocean acidification problem, even if that just slows the impacts long enough to give species time to adapt. Read the Top 10 Things You Can Do to Reduce Global Warming for ideas on how you can help. Scientists have acted swiftly on this issue. The response has included the Monaco Declaration,  in which 155 scientists from 26 countries declared in January 2009 that: Ocean acidification is accelerating and severe damages are imminent;Ocean acidification will have broad socioeconomic impacts, affecting marine food webs, causing substantial changes in commercial fish stocks and threatening food security for millions of people;Ocean acidification is rapid, but recovery is slow;Ocean acidification can be controlled only by limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The scientists called for intense efforts to research the problem, evaluate its impacts and cut emissions drastically to help curb the problem. Sources: Fabry, V.J., Seibel, B.A., Feely, R.A. and J.C. Orr. 2008. . Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journalof Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L, and V.J. Fabry. 2006. Carbon Dioxide and Our Ocean Legacy. (Online) NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Science Brief. Accessed March 7, 2009.McAuliffe, K. 2008. Ocean Acidification: A Global Case of Osteoporosis. (Online) Discover. Accessed March 7, 2009.Monaco Declaration. 2008. Monaco Declaration on Oceans. Accessed July 21, 2015.Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Acidification.  Accessed July 21, 2015.

Relationship between Mankind and Our Ecosystems - 967 Words

Our society is concerned about the condition and the relationship between mankind and our ecosystems. As a species we have far suppressed our predators and we have increased in population. We have dominated many of our ecosystems that have been destroyed and severely damaged by mankind. This has lead to societies that have struggled for subsistence. Here in the United States the per capita rate of use is the highest in the world. (M. Kaufmann, R. Graham, D. Boyce, W. Moir, L. Perry, R. Reynolds, R. Bassett, P. Mehlhop, C. Edminster, W. Block, and P. Corn April 4, 2014). It is important for us to recognize that the human interest in ecosystems be observed, even if it requires altering certain human progress to stop within bounds with the physical and biological abilities of an ecosystem. Our thinking today about renewable energy has been fed to us by poor thoughts and misinterpitation of our recent history. An era of industrialization during the nineteenth century was do minated by coal later turning to oil or any other type of natural power. One of the final factors in not switching to renewable energy as fast as we would like to see is the economics for large corporation and nations to stop using fossil fuels. This would be devastating to their investments. America is not ready for that. Even though America and the rest of the world are still quiet dependent on fossil fuels the need for alternative energy is out there. Windmills from the days of oldShow MoreRelatedThe Relevance Of Photosynthesis And Nature1545 Words   |  7 Pagesstreaming to the earth and to store the most elusive of all powers in rigid form.† This turns out to be â€Å"an economic provision to which the existence of mankind is inexorably bound.† (Rabinowitch and Govindjee, 9). We will examine how this process keeps our planet alive and will also demonstrate how plants ‘distribute’ energy to all members of the ecosystem through a series of ch ain reactions. The following chemical equation gives us a general overview of the entire process: CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (PHOTONS)Read MoreThe Birthmark Is More Than A Blemish1727 Words   |  7 Pagesopposing entity from mankind. In spite of this, humans have acted with a sense of ownership over nature for centuries, depleting, manipulating and polluting the natural world. This human interaction with nature is depicted in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, The Birth Mark†. Using allegory and symbolism, Hawthorne illustrates the stain that humanity places on nature’s purity. 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The change in the concentrationRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagescontinues to follow, the recoverable reserves of resources will continue to decline, the sustainability of the supply of resources, will seriously endanger human survival and development. Environmental pollution will cause direct damage to the ecosystem and impact, such as desertification, forest destruction, water eutrophication, will also give ecological systems and human society caused by indirect harm, and sometimes this indirect environmental effects than the harm caused Of the direct harmRead MoreHow Traditional MÄ ori Ethics and Values Have Been Applied in Contemporary MÄ ori Land Development1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine ethics and values and describe MÄ tauranga and Kaupapa MÄ ori with reference to sustainable development of MÄ ori land, in today’s world. (The Encyclodedia of New Zealand, 2014) World View World view is the way in which we view the world, it is our perspective of what is seen and experienced as we walk through life. For people and cultures a world view is developed from Whanau, Whakapapa and Iwi, as well as external factors. MÄ ori World view is holistic and is founded in their philosophy of creation

Community Development free essay sample

Development Planning Lecture 1: Understanding the key concepts of Community, Community Development Economic Development Course Learning Outcomes †¢ Explain the key concepts of social infrastructure in spatial planning †¢ Analyze social infrastructure issues in spatial planning †¢ Identify the various challenges of social infrastructure in spatial planning practices Community †¢ Various definitions: ? People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live (Mattessich and Monsey, 2004) ?A grouping of people who live close to one another and are united by common interests and mutual aids (National Research Council 1975) †¢ These definitions refer to people and the ties that bind them, then only to geographic locations †¢ It means, without people and the connections/ties, community will be only a collections of buildings and streets. †¢ However community does no t necessarily means â€Å"living physically close to one another†.It also refers to social connections at other than living place such as workplace, sports centre, clubs or groups, or political affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Community can also be created through special interest or conditions such as disability, gender, belief †¢ In this era of social media (such as FB, Twitter) madness, communities can be created on virtual platform. Community Development (CD) †¢ Community Development is defined and described as.. – the process of developing stronger communities of people and the social and psychological ties they share. The educational process to enable citizens to address problems by group decision-making – Involvement in a process to achieve improvement in some aspect of community life – All these processes will result in an outcome which is the improvement of community capital. Community Capital Human Capital †¢ Labour supply, skills, experience, capabilities Physical Capital †¢ Buildings, streets, infrastructure Financial Capital †¢ Community financial institutions, micro loan funds, community development banksEnvironmental Capital †¢ Natural resources, weather, recreational opportunities Social Capital Social Capital †¢ Social Capital refers to the ability of residents to organize and mobilize their resources for the accomplishment of consensual defined goals †¢ It refers to the extent to which members of a community can work together e ffectively to develop and sustain strong relationships, solve problems and make group decisions, and collaborate effectively to achieve common goalsSocial Capital †¢ Some scholars make distinction between bonding capital and bridging capital †¢ Bonding capital refers to ties within homogenous groups (e. g. races, gender, people with the same economic background) †¢ Bridging capital refers to ties among different groups Community development chains Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready communityEconomic development †¢ Community development and economic development is highly sinergistic. †¢ Community development – a planned effort to produce assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life. The assets include: physical, human, social, financial, environmental †¢ Economic development †“ the process of creating wealth through the mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical and natural resources to generate marketable goods and services. The definitions are clearly parallel : community development is to produce and improve assets, economic development is to mobilize these assets which will bring greater benefits for the community ie. more goods, services, jobs etc. †¢ Both types of development are highly dependable on each other as most businesses will look for development-ready communities that are equipped with strong and established communities, good infrastructure, abundant supply of labour, safety, telecommunication etc.Community and economic development chains Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready community Economic development outcome Job creation Increased income and wealth Increased standard of living Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Economic development process Creating and maintaining ED programs Mobilizing resources The end

Reflection on Platos Allegory of the Cave Reflection free essay sample

Reflection on Platos Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave starts off as a story told by Socrates to Glaucon. In this story, a group of people live in a cave underground. They are bound and unable to move or turn their heads, and so can only look straight in front of them. Before them is a wall and behind them a fire burns. Others in the cave pass before the fire holding objects which cast shadows on the wall. Later, a prisoner is released and taken to the outside world. At first he recoils from the bright light, but he gradually adjusts until he sees the outside world Just as if he had lived his whole life above ground instead of in a cave. After being set free, I wouldnt return to the cave. Platos Allegory of the Cave is a symbol for the contrasts between ideas and what we perceive as reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Platos Allegory of the Cave Reflection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The prisoners in the cave are as ignorant of the truth as Glaucon was, if he relied solely on what he saw. The prisoners, having lived their whole life in the cave, would ook upon the shadows they saw and recognize them as reality. In the same way, Glaucon and others like him believed what they saw and experienced was in fact the reality of the Universe. Conversely, Plato believed that the truth of the Universe was hidden and that the way to discover it was not through observation of the surrounding world but through logic and reasoning. Most people prefer to remain in chains and to see only shadows of the truth. Only the few and the wise are illing to free themselves from the shackles and look the truth in the face, even if it is blinding at first. The Theory of Forms typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Platos dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Just like the people in the cave, what we perceive as truth, what we were led to believe all our lives could be but a fraction or an imitation of what is actually real.

Science Explains Why Rotten Eggs Float

Science Explains Why Rotten Eggs Float One of the ways to tell whether an egg is rotten or still good is to use the flotation test. To perform the test, you place the egg in a glass of water. Fresh eggs typically rest at the bottom of the glass. An egg that sinks but rests with the large end facing up may be a bit older but is still fine for cooking and eating. If the egg floats, its old and may be rotten. You can test this for yourself, although to be scientific about it, youll need to crack open the egg to observe its appearance and smell it to be certain eggs are good or bad (trust me, youll know the bad ones). Youll find the test is fairly accurate. So, you may be wondering why the bad eggs float. Why Bad Eggs Float Fresh eggs sink because the egg yolk, egg white, and gases have enough mass that the density of the egg is greater than the density of water. Density is the mass per unit of volume. Basically, a fresh egg is heavier than water. When an egg starts to go off decomposition occurs. Decomposition gives off gases. As more of the egg decomposes, more of its mass is converted to gases. A gas bubble forms inside the egg so an older egg floats on its end. However, eggs are porous, so some of the gas escapes through the eggshell and is lost to the atmosphere. Although gases are light, they do have mass and affect the density of the egg. When enough gas is lost, the density of the egg is less than that of water and the egg floats. Its a common misconception that rotten eggs float because they contain more gas. If the inside of an egg rotted and the gas couldnt escape, the mass of the egg would be unchanged. Its density would also be unchanged because the volume of an egg is constant (i.e., eggs dont expand like balloons). Changing matter from the liquid state to the gas state doesnt change the amount of mass! The gas has to leave the egg for it to float. Gas With a Rotten Egg Smell If you crack open a rotten egg, the yolk may be discolored and the white may be cloudy rather than clear. More likely, you wont notice the color because the overwhelming stink of the egg will send you off to go throw up. The smell is from the gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The gas is heavier than air, flammable, and toxic.   Brown Eggs vs. White Eggs You may be wondering whether it matters if you try the flotation test on brown eggs versus white eggs. The results will be the same. There is no difference between brown eggs and white eggs except for their color, assuming the chickens were fed the same grain. Chickens with white feathers and white earlobes lay white eggs. Brown or red chickens that have red earlobes lay brown eggs. The egg color is controlled by a gene for eggshell color that does not affect the thickness of the shell. There are also chicken eggs with blue shells and some with speckled shells. Again, these are simple color differences that do not affect the structure of the eggshell or the result of the flotation test. Egg Expiration Dates The expiration date on a carton of eggs isnt always a good indicator of whether or not the eggs are still fresh. In the United States, the USDA requires egg expiration dates be no longer than 30 days from the packing date. Unrefrigerated eggs may not make it the full month before going off. Refrigerated eggs are more likely to dry up than go bad. The pores of egg shells are small enough bacteria arent going to enter the egg and start reproducing. However, some eggs naturally contain a small number of bacteria, which are more likely to grow in a warmer, more favorable environment. Its worth noting the rotten egg smell isnt just from bacterial decomposition of an egg. Over time, the egg yolk and egg white become more alkaline. This occurs because eggs contain carbon dioxide in the form of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid slowly escapes the egg as carbon dioxide gas that passes through the pores in the shell. As the egg becomes more alkaline, the sulfur in the egg becomes better able to react with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide gas. This chemical process occurs more rapidly at room temperature than at cooler temperatures. Another Way to Tell If an Egg Is Bad If you dont have a glass of water handy, you can test an egg for freshness by holding it up to your ear, shaking it, and listening. A fresh egg shouldnt make much sound. An older egg will slosh around more because the gas pocket is larger (giving it room to move) and the egg has lost some cohesion.

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy Have you ever been elated at the discovery of a compiled family history for your ancestors, only to find yourself confused by all of the numbers and what they mean? Family lineages presented in text, rather than in graphical format, require an organizational system to allow the user to easily follow lines down through descendants or back toward the original ancestors. These standard numbering systems are used to show relationships between generations in a family tree. In other words, who is connected to whom. When numbering your genealogy, it is best to adopt a well-established system that is easily interpreted. Even if youre using a genealogy software program to compile your family history, it is still important to understand the differences and formats of the most widely-used numbering systems. If you plan to publish your family history, genealogical quarterlies, magazines and other publications may require a specific format. Or a friend may send you a pedigree chart which uses one of these numbering systems. It isnt necessarily important to learn the ins and outs of every numbering system, but it helps to have at least a general understanding. Common Genealogical Numbering Systems While genealogy numbering systems vary in their organization, they all have in common the practice of identifying individuals and their relationships through a specific numbering sequence. Most numbering systems are used to display descendants of a given ancestor, while one, the ahnentafel, is used to display the ancestors of an individual. Ahnentafel - From a German word meaning ancestor table, an ahnentafel is an ancestor based numbering system. Good for presenting a lot of information in a compact format, and the most popular numbering system for ascending genealogies. Register Numbering System - Based on the numbering system used by the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, the register system is one of several options for numbering descendant reports. NGSQ Numbering System - Sometimes referred to as the Modified Register System from which it was adapted and modernized, this popular descendant numbering system is used in the National Genealogical Society Quarterly and in many other family history publications. Henry Numbering System - Yet another descendant numbering system, the Henry System is named after Reginald Buchanan Henry, who used it in his Genealogies of the Families of the Presidents. published in 1935. This system is less often used than the Register and NGSQ systems, and is not accepted for certification projects or by most genealogical publications.

Four stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four stories - Essay Example Carlson’s stories are from the heart and are peopled with such characters that seem to haunt those who identify with them. â€Å"A Kind of Flying† is vivid and colorful in its portrayal, even while many of them tickle your funny side. A part of his collection deals with the so called middle class lifestyles and the frustrations that goes with it making his audience reflect on their own life by trying to find the right solutions. Each of the following stories â€Å"Max†, â€Å"Hartwell†, â€Å"Keith† and â€Å"The Chromium Hook.† has a different theme. In â€Å"Max† the theme the author used was humor. In this short story Carlson depicts the goings on in a typical middle class family who has a dog called Max who had a peculiar habit of jabbing people in the wrong place. He does this not only to his owners but also to the visitors who come there. Though the story is quite short, yet it makes you laugh each time you think about. The story of â€Å"Hartwell† is one of the most endearing stories that I have read. In this story Carlson makes use of the theme of love, human emotions and feelings. The story that pulls at your heartstrings tells the story of a professor who dressed shabbily and did not have the zest for life. But when Lub blossoms between him and his favorite student Laurie, he becomes rejuvenated by her love and finds the real meaning of love. The success of the story lies in the author’s deft handling of the love theme giving hope to millions of people who encounter the same feelings at some point in their lives. In the short story â€Å"Keith† the author makes use of the same theme of love but in a completely different way. It deals with a â€Å"triangle love† shared by three people – Brian, Barbara Anderson and Keith. Though Barbara was friendly with Brian her boyfriend, yet she somehow falls deeply in love with her lab partner Keith who had cancer. The story ends on a sad note

Why do Economies Grow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why do Economies Grow - Essay Example Here, the capital essentially includes all production tools. More work was done by other researchers after Solow to expand his mathematical model, as a result of which, certain other factors were also found to be the driving factors of a nation’s economy. Such factors include but are not limited to human capital and land. The validity of information generated by Solow can be estimated from the fact that he was awarded â€Å"the 1987 Nobel Prize in economics† (Hardesty, 2011). Technology plays an important role in boosting the economy of a country. The following chart shows how the listed countries’ economy grew from 1973 till 2007: Economic growth in different countries from 1973 to 2007 (Kenworthy, 2011). It can be seen in the chart above that certain countries showed a greater growth of economy as compared to others in the mentioned duration. â€Å"One reason is â€Å"catch-up†: partly because they could borrow technology from the leaders, countries tha t began with a lower per capita GDP tended to grow more rapidly† (Kenworthy, 2011). Sustainability of economic growth depends on several factors like the property market, mortgage trends and interest rates etc.

Factors That Influence Exchange Rates Essay Example for Free

Factors That Influence Exchange Rates Essay Aside from factors such as interest rates and inflation, the exchange rate is one of the most important determinants of a countrys relative level of economic health. Exchange rates play a vital role in a countrys level of trade, which is critical to most every free market economy in the world. For this reason, exchange rates are among the most watched, analyzed and governmentally manipulated economic measures. But exchange rates matter on a smaller scale as well: they impact the real return of an investors portfolio. Here we look at some of the major forces behind exchange rate movements. A higher currency makes a countrys exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a countrys exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the countrys balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it. Determinants of Exchange Rates Numerous factors determine exchange rates, and all are related to the trading relationship between two countries. Remember, exchange rates are relative, and are expressed as a comparison of the currencies of two countries. The following are some of the principal determinants of the exchange rate between two countries. Note that these factors are in no particular order; like many aspects of economics, the relative importance of these factors is subject to much debate. 1. Differentials in Inflation;-As a general rule, a country with a consistently lower inflation rate exhibits a rising currency value, as its purchasing power increases relative to other currencies. During the last half of the twentieth century, the countries with low inflation included Japan, Germany and Switzerland, while the U.S. and Canada achieved low inflation only later. Those countries with higher inflation typically see depreciation in their currency in relation to the currencies of their trading partners. This is also usually accompanied by higher interest rates. 2. Differentials in Interest Rates;-Interest rates, inflation and exchange rates are all highly correlated. By manipulating interest rates, central banks exert influence over both inflation and exchange rates, and changing interest rates impact inflation and currency values. Higher interest rates offer lenders in an economy a higher return relative to other countries. Therefore, higher interest rates attract foreign capital and cause the exchange rate to rise. The impact of higher interest rates is mitigated, however, if inflation in the country is much higher than in others, or if additional factors serve to drive the currency down. The opposite relationship exists for decreasing interest rates that is, lower interest rates tend to decrease exchange rates. 3. Current-Account Deficits;-The current account is the balance of trade between a country and its trading partners, reflecting all payments between countries for goods, services, interest and dividends. A deficit in the current account shows the country is spending more on foreign trade than it is earning, and that it is borrowing capital from foreign sources to make up the deficit. In other words, the country requires more foreign currency than it receives through sales of exports, and it supplies more of its own currency than foreigners demand for its products. The excess demand for foreign currency lowers the countrys exchange rate until domestic goods and services are cheap enough for foreigners, and foreign assets are too expensive to generate sales for domestic interests. 4. Public Debt;-Countries will engage in large-scale deficit financing to pay for public sector projects and governmental funding. While such activity stimulates the domestic economy, nations with large public deficits and debts are less attractive to foreign investors. The reason? A large debt encourages inflation, and if inflation is high, the debt will be serviced and ultimately paid off with cheaper real dollars in the future. In the worst case scenario, a government may print money to pay part of a large debt, but increasing the money supply inevitably causes inflation. Moreover, if a government is not able to service its deficit through domestic means (selling domestic bonds, increasing the money supply), then it must increase the supply of securities for sale to foreigners, thereby lowering their prices. Finally, a large debt may prove worrisome to foreigners if they believe the country risks defaulting on its obligations. Foreigners will be less willing to own securities denominated in that currency if the risk of default is great. For this reason, the countrys debt rating (as determined by Moodys or Standard Poors, for example) is a crucial determinant of its exchange rate. 5. Terms of Trade;-A ratio comparing export prices to import prices, the terms of trade is related to current accounts and the balance of payments. If the price of a countrys exports rises by a greater rate than that of its imports, its terms of trade have favorably improved. Increasing terms of trade shows greater demand for the countrys exports. This, in turn, results in rising revenues from exports, which provides increased demand for the countrys currency (and an increase in the currencys value). If the price of exports rises by a smaller rate than that of its imports, the currencys value will decrease in relation to its trading partners. 6. Political Stability and Economic Performance;-Foreign investors inevitably seek out stable countries with strong economic performance in which to invest their capital. A country with such positive attributes will draw investment funds away from other countries perceived to have more political and economic risk. Political turmoil, for example, can cause a loss of confidence in a currency and a movement of capital to the currencies of more stable countries. Conclusion The exchange rate of the currency in which a portfolio holds the bulk of its investments determines that portfolios real return. A declining exchange rate obviously decreases the purchasing power of income and capital gains derived from any returns. Moreover, the exchange rate influences other income factors such as interest rates, inflation and even capital gains from domestic securities. While exchange rates are determined by numerous complex factors that often leave even the most experienced economists flummoxed, investors should still have some understanding of how currency values and exchange rates play an important role in the rate of return on their investments.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Author During the 1770s Thomas Paine was a political philosopher and writer. He encouraged people to fight for American independence from Britain. He is one of the more creative figures of his period. Paine talked about American revolutionary ideas with his 1776 writing, Common Sense. In the writing, Paine made a point that Great Britain was trying to corrupt the American colonies and that they contributed nothing to America’s well being. Summary Paine published this 50-page story, Common Sense, on January 10, 1776. In this essay, it said that the American colonies had received no advantage from Great Britain, which was trying to corrupt them, and that every thought of "common sense" called for the colonies to become independent and to establish a republican government of their own. The story criticized Great Britain for its corruption toward the colonies as a whole. Argument Thomas Paine’s "Common Sense" played a large part in the separation from England. Paine thought the colonies had the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them but didn’t give them the right to represent them in the current government. Thomas believed there was no reason for the Colonies to stay dependent on England. He had an awesome way of persuading people to take action through his writing. Paine says that sooner or later independence from England must come, because America had lost touch with the mother country. All the arguments for separation of England are based on nothing more than the facts and arguments. Paine saw the government as a possessed demon that could only become good when it was represented truthfully and changed by elections. He uses argumentation, in that the writer presents and logically supports a particular view or opinion. Paine uses motivation by which people’s values, desires, wishes, and needs are m entioned. His writing’s brought courage in a time of need to people who wanted to become independent. At the time that Paine wrote "Common Sense" the colonies were still thinking about declaring their independence from Great Britain. Some people told their leaders in the Continental Congress to act against separation from the mother country, which made thousands of colonists undecided about what to do. Today’s Government of the United States is similar to that of England in the 1770’s. They are similar in ways such as taxes and basic ways of living. Both control our rate of taxes without our say in the matter.

North and South Differences Essay

When the pioneers from Great Britain came to â€Å"The new world†, now known as America, they located themselves all over this new land that they had discovered. They divided themselves up into colonies. They had colonies in the north and colonies in the south, both being different from each other do to the climate and geography. In the northern colonies the main economic goals were centered on the industrial business side of things. They produced tons of goods, which allowed them to be able to trade a lot of what they produced. Also they did a lot of fishing, which was a major business in the northern colonies. The southern colonies, unlike the northern colonies, had an economic system based on agriculture and plantations. They also kept their economy growing by having imported or forced labor with the slave trade going on. The south had a lot of hard work that needed to be done and they needed people to do it for them, so they saw slavery as a solution to that problem. The north on the other hand, like I said, was industrial based so they didn’t have a ton of hands on working jobs like the south. The Labor wasn’t near as hard for the north so they didn’t really get into slavery that much. Religion in the northern and southern colonies was also a little bit different. In the north there were more religious settlements, which means that they had more of freedom when it came to religion and things like that. In the south religious activities aligned with Angicans. Which means they did things like the people in Great Britain did. They had the same views on religion as the Britain’s and didn’t have very much freedom in their religion views. The social views from the northern colonies believed that above all that their time should be spent in productive labor. They had large families and enjoyed drinking. They sang, dance, and made music but did all of these things at the appropriate time, and didn’t get excessive with how much they did it. They did not see sex as evil, but believed that people should be married if they did do it. In the south, due to all the economy being based on plantations, society was based on class and race, which made it difficult for everyone to come together into agreement on things. The government was set up in towns and didn’t have much communication with all the towns as one. The northern colonies were more bonded and had mayors, fire departments, police stations, and other things set up like a real government should. The southern colonies combined with the northern colonies produced a pretty good economical system, the south  having the agriculture side and the north having t he industrial side. This made our relationship with England strong because we had things that they would want to trade with us. We affected England’s economy positively, which made our relationship strong. The northern colonies strayed away from England’s strict religious views so this sort of hurt the relationship between the north and England, but it didn’t hurt the relationship that bad. It wasn’t till after the French and Indian war, where the relationship between the colonies and England started to go down hill. After the French and Indian war when England started to tax the colonies, the south had a lot of â€Å"Tories† these were people who did not want to rebel against England. The northern colonies most everyone was in favor of rebelling. So the South had a better relationship with England if you put all the factors together. Even though both of the colonies had their differences, they also had their similarities. Both relied on trade to an extent, both struggled with their economies at first, both had dreams of creating a new society. They both came from the same place, Great Britain, and wanted to start something new and be the beginning of something new. Even with the diversity of the north and south, eventually we came together, and made America what it is today, one of the greatest countries on Earth. Our diversity defines us, and I believe it makes us stronger as a whole.

Branding Bangladesh Essay

We would always be available and ready to explain further any of the contexts whenever asked. Sincerely yours, Members of the Brainstormers Acknowledgements Any comprehensive work such as report making owes credit to multitude of people. Certainly, we should acknowledge the contributions of the pioneers in the field of marketing & branding, especially those whose teachings have become a part of our thinking. First we commit ourselves grateful to almighty Allah who gives us power and knowledge to complete the report. Then we acknowledge our honorable course teacher Rafiuddin Ahmed; who has opened the door of knowledge in front of us. Through the whole semester he has broaden our outlook in Pricing and related sector. Next we acknowledge the Writer of the book who has helped a lot by writing a core book on: Strategic Brand Management (3rd Edition) -Kevin Lane Keller Without the direct and indirect support of these dear people this report would not exist. Contents |Serial No. | Topic Name |Page no. | |1 |Introducing Sundarbans |12 | |2 Nation Branding |13 | |3 |Branding Bangladesh |13-14 | |4 |Why select Sundarbans |14 | |5 |Branding Sundarbans |15-18 | |6 |Main attractions |19-20 | |7 |Requirements and recommendations |21 | |8 |Key Development strategies for Branding Sundarbans |22-25 | |9 |Conlusion |26 | |10 |Reference |27 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In our report, we have discussed about a very significant phenomenon and that is our country’s natural pride Sundarbans. No other thing is so important for our nation in branding our country than the one and only Sundarbans. It is our nation’s very much blessing from God that, he has given it upon us. Not only its natural beauty but also its natural resources have made us very resourceful. Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world and it was on the short list of the new natural Seven Wonders of the World. The most amazing matter about Sundarban is that, it is the only forest in the world where the Royal Bengal Tiger lives. This Bengal tiger is a very rare animal in the world and its now on the verge of extinction. Most part of the Sundarban is water covered area and that is why it is called mangrove forest. Bangladesh can easily brand this mangrove forest and could gain a lot of attention of the foreigners. As a UNESCO world heritage site, the government of Bangladesh can make this extraordinary forest much more attractive to the outside world especially to the westerners. This â€Å"Beautiful Forest† sundarbans is the thing that we can proud of very much. It can be the main attraction for the visitors who love forests. The beauty and natural resource of the Sundarbans can symbolize the natural beauty of Bangladesh. The name may have been derived from the  Sundari  trees (the mangrove species  Heritiera fomes) that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Tourism as an industry can have all grounds to contribute to the national exchequer along with other industries. Perhaps, it sounds quite new when it comes up as industry in our country but tourism is one of the oldest industries across the world. As we look into the growth of tourism in the region, we do come to see bewildering facts that many countries of this region those developed quite a lot in industry did not have substantial natural advantages to turn tourism into industry. Though Sundarban consists of two countries- Bangladesh and India, most part of it are located in the Bangladesh portion. And again most number of royal Bengal tiger also live in the Bangladesh part. For that reason, it can easily be a tourist attraction and thus could become a good tourist spot for the tourists all over the world. Introduction As a student of marketing, we have to acquire a thorough knowledge about nation branding and country image. As a result to brand our own country is a very big as well as effective effort for us to achieve that knowledge. Moreover, the worthwhile thing is that, Sundarbans could be a good area of interest for the foreigners to visit our country. The Sundarbans provides a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. According to the 2011 tiger census, the Sundarbans have about 270 tigers. Although previous rough estimates had suggested much higher figures close to 300, the 2011 census provided the first ever scientific estimate of tigers from the area. The management of wildlife is presently restricted to, firstly, the protection of fauna from poaching, and, secondly, designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction of  forest produce  is allowed and where the wildlife face few disturbances. Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent times[  and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. Of these, the tiger and dolphin are target species for planning wildlife management and tourism development. There is high profile and vulnerable mammals living in two contrasting environments, and their statuses and management are strong indicators of the general condition and management of wildlife. Origin As a marketing student it is necessary to know different tactics and policies available to the term of Branding. The main purpose of our report is to make it an efficient as well as well-concerned item for a branding manifesto in the criteria of nation branding. Our teacher Mr. Rafiuddin Ahmed has been very much concerned with our topic and helped us in every step to create this wonderful report. The most important aspect of this report is that it has the latest information about the country aspect, the natural resources allocation items, the forest related articles and much more. It is a report which consists of all the current stuffs about the nature, the scenario, the natural habitat issue related to Sundarbans. Mostly our report is based on the nation branding that means we are very much focused to brand our country by Sundarbans and it is our main view of making this report. Therefore the natural scenario and the tourist attraction are all covered in this report about the Sundarbans. The most general view of this report is that, if a general person reads this report, he or she could easily understand the branding in Bangladesh and its current market situation, position, relevance in our country. Many organizations and renowned personalities of the world have made their report according to this planning process. Therefore to make this report meaningful and acceptable, we have tried our best to do this work a perfect one. Objectives Every report has some objectives. There are one broad objective and some specific objectives in their respective field. Our report on ‘Sources of Nation Branding’ has some specific objectives and a broad objective. Broad objective To make Sundarbans as a major branding element for Bangladesh. Specific objectives: ? To know the branding aspects of Sundarbans. ? To know the current tourism situations. ? To explain the various branding ways to brand our nation. Methodology We prepared one third of our report from secondary sources. We collected all the required information from different reference books, journal and related papers. All the members of our group worked hard in seminar for preparing this report. We also followed our text book for collecting some necessary information. The sheets provided by our course teacher also helped a lot for preparing report. Limitations We face some specific problem while preparing this report. These problems created some barriers to go ahead. Those specific problems are – 1. We didn’t get enough time to prepare this report, that’s why we prepared the report in a hurry. 2. We also had some financial problems to prepare the report. 3. We didn’t get all the required materials for enhancing the report. Introducing Sundarbans Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It is listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO. Two third of the Sundarbans remain in Bangladesh and the rest of it are situated in the India. The name  Sundarban  can be literally translated as â€Å"beautiful forest† in the  Bengali language  (Shundor, â€Å"beautiful† and  bon, â€Å"forest†). The name may have been derived from the  Sundari  trees (the mangrove species  Heritiera fomes) that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of  Samudraban  Shomudrobon  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sea Forest†) or  Chandra-bandhe  (name of a primitive tribe). However, the generally accepted view is the one associated with  Sundari  trees. The history of the area can be traced back to 200–300 AD. A ruin of a city built by  Chand Sadagar  has been found in the Baghmara Forest Block. During the  Mughal  period, the Mughal Kings leased the forests of the Sundarbans to nearby residents. Many criminals took refuge in the Sundarbans from the advancing armies of Emperor  Akbar. Many have been known to be attacked by Tigers  Many of the buildings which were built by them later fell to hands of Portuguese pirates, salt smugglers and dacoits in the 17th century. Evidence of the fact can be traced from the ruins at Netidhopani and other places scattered all over Sundarbans. The legal status of the forests underwent a series of changes, including the distinction of being the first  mangrove  forest in the world to be brought under scientific management. The area was mapped first in Persian, by the  Surveyor General  as early as 1764 following soon after proprietary rights were confiscated from the  Mughal Emperor Alamgir II  by the  British  East India Company  in 1757. Since the British had no expertise or adaptation in mangrove forests. Systematic management of this forest tract started in the 1860s after the establishment of a Forest Department in the  Province  of  Bengal, in  British India. The management was entirely designed to extract whatever treasures were available, but labor and lower management mostly were staffed by locals. Nation Branding Nation Branding is the establishment of an image (internally and externally) for a country based on positive and relevant values and perceptions. Nation branding aims to measure build and manage the reputation of countries (closely related to place branding). Some approaches applied, such as an increasing importance on the symbolic value of products, have led countries to emphasize their distinctive characteristics. The branding and image of a nation-state and the successful transference of this image to its exports – is just as important as what they actually produce and sell. This is also referred to as country-of-origin effect. Nation branding is still a developing field in which scholars continue their search for a unified theoretical framework. Many governments have resource dedicated to Nation Branding. Their aim is to improve their country’s standing, as the image and reputation of a nation can dramatically influence its success in attracting tourism receipts and investment capital; in exports; in attracting a talented and creative workforce and in its cultural and political influence in the world. Simon Anholt is widely considered to be the â€Å"founder†, â€Å"champion† and â€Å"instigator† of this concept and field of study and practice. Branding Bangladesh Like other countries, Bangladesh has started to brand her and trying to figure out the resources, capabilities, acumen in the related field. We have lots of scopes/opportunities; resources say novel laureates, historical places, longest beach in the world, culture, manpower, cuisine etc. Lack of proper branding initiative and expertise, we are lagging behind form the race of branding the country. Simon Anholt identifies 6 criteria for branding a nation. They are: 1. Tourism, 2. Exports, 3. Governance, 4. Investment ; immigration, 5. Culture and heritage and 6. People. Tourism sector Tourism sector has a lot of potentiality for branding. It can be our major criteria for branding. We can create a positive brand image about Bangladesh by branding our beautiful tourist area. Because most of the people when think about any country, the first visual image come to mind that the tourism place of the country. We have many place in the country which is full of natural beauty, they need to be properly advertised and maintained. Why Select Sundarbans We have the largest mangrove forest in the world. This is The Sundarbans. The Sundarbans over the years attracts adventurous forest product collectors, hunters, nature and wildlife lovers, researchers, and tourists. The beauty and natural resource of the Sundarbans can symbolize the natural beauty of Bangladesh. It has the unique beauty with the dazzling expanse of green, the blue heaven overhead meeting the horizon, the playful high tide and the ebb, the very smell of life in the air and the pristine sea beach. The Sundarbans play an important role in the economy of the southwestern region of Bangladesh as well as in the national economy. It is the single largest source of forest produce in the country. The forest has been declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1999. So, we select Sundarbans for Branding Bangladesh. Branding Sundarbans The word â€Å"brand† is widely used but unequally understood. Its meaning ranges from source country to consumer’s perception about a product. In today’s world, consumer perception gets more currency. If we put it simply, a brand is defined as a name, term, sign, symbol, design, or a combination of all these elements that is intended to identify the goods or services of a seller and differentiate them from competitors. According to marketing guru Philip Kotler, â€Å"Brand image is the set of beliefs consumers hold about a particular brand. † Simon Anholt, pioneer of nation branding, argues that brand is intangible because it has brand value as outlined in his book Brand New Justice. The brand value lies in the trust of a brand name for quality and reliability, a form of guarantee for its reputation, a promise the brand delivers and the service it provides to the consumers. An increasing importance of the symbolic value of products has led marketers and, consequently, policy makers of countries to leverage their products with distinctive characteristics of the country of origin. Here comes the concept of ‘place branding’. Dr Heather Skinner provides a comprehensive definition of place branding: â€Å"a place’s promotional activities, contextualized in the domain of marketing communications, marking the place with a distinct identity in the minds of the various target groups targeted by the incorporated place, from an inside-out approach, assuring the place’s multiple stakeholders, in partnership, manage and communicate the place’s brand identity to a wider world as they wished it to be presented. † The idea of nation branding is an extended form of ‘place branding’. Nation branding focuses on the nation as a whole — its people, culture and heritage, products and exports, investment, climate, tourism and so on. Bangladesh must take care of its own brand. This means that it must invest in its brand. It must manage and promote its brand. This is a task that must be taken by the government. The government has to take initiative to identify the full agenda of the country and mobilise the power. For this, the government needs to involve the key stakeholders. Participation in the branding process would encourage the stakeholders to promote the brand. The government, with a positive initiative, can get the willing support of other stakeholders. Every citizen and organization in a country would like to share a positive image of the country. A successful brand will represent the diverse. A good brand will take into account the inherent complexities and, at the same time, it will differentiate the nation from the others, putting it in the best light possible, without exaggeration or distortion. Bangladesh is a wonderful Country in the world. Bangladesh has many tourist spot. All spot are very attractive and well-known. Sundarban is one of them. It is more beautiful place for the Tourist. The largest mangrove forest in the World (140,000 ha). The World famous Royal Bengal Tiger’s homeland and about 400 tigers live in sundarban. About 30,000 wonderful spotted deer live in sundarban. There are many Tourist Spot in Sundarban. We have the largest mangrove forest in the world. This is The Sundarbans. It can be the main attraction for the visitors who love forests. The beauty and natural resource of the Sundarbans can symbolizes the natural beauty of Bangladesh. place. Our most of the tea garden is situated in Sylhet district. It can symbolize the beautiful image of Bangladesh. KATKA Katka is one of Heritage sites in Sunderban. In Katka there is a wooden watching tower of 40 ft. high from where you can enjoy the scenic beauty of Sundarban. A beautiful sea beach is there is Katka; you will enjoy while you are walking to go the beach from the watching tower. Verities birds are visible in Katka. Most beautiful place in sundarban. Kotka beach is truely magnificent. This sand track   is five km long. I heard   Kotka Beach is beautiful. But, it was more than beautiful. Moreover, it is built by nature and cared by nature. We were standing in front of Bay of Bengal and behind us there was the largest mangrove forest of the world. The weather was perfect to take a sea bath. We made a lot of joy while some other were too busy to keep the snaps of this beautiful place in a beautiful day. We   stayed there till noon and then slowly made a return walk through the mysterious jungle of Sundarban again. It was really a thrilling walk. If one are interested to go to kotka beach, you will find it  Ã‚  south-east of  Ã‚  Nilkamal  Ã‚  in the range of the Sundarbans. Usually it is convenient to start from the nearby island of Mongla (Khulna) by a variety of different boats, such as speedboats and cabin cruisers. The World famous Royal Bengal Tiger’s homeland and about 400 tigers live in sundarban. About 30,000 wonderful spotted deer live in sundarban. There are many Tourist Spot in Sundarban. Katka is one of Heritage sites in Sunderban. Katka a base for safaris, and well spot to see tigers and for bird-watching. Katka is well known for many rare and majestic wild animals. At Katka, one can see many precious wild animals right from tigers to deer and also varieties of birds and many kinds of monkeys. Here one can hear the natures’ music mixed with the wild fowls in the mornings and evenings. For those interested in wildlife trekking, the vast expanse of grassy meadows running from Katka to Kachikhali (Tiger Point) is an ideal route. Don’t miss this place if you are an adventurous tourist. HIRAN POINT This is another tourist spot in Sunderban. It is called the world heritage state. You can enjoy the beauty of wild nature and dotted dears walking and running in Hiron point. There is number of spot in sundarban. Hiron Point is another tourist spot in Sunderban. It is called the world heritage state. Hiron Point is a graceful spot, great for spotting tigers and other spectacular and rare wildlife animals. Also known as Nilkamal, it is well-known for tiger, deer, monkey, crocodiles and many precious birds. Often they are looking out there. This place attracts many tourists owing to its natural beauty and connate splendor. This is a place to have a look at the rare species of wild animals and birds, to be noted in the diary of bird watchers and wildlife enthusiasts. Every visitors can Enjoy their time by watching this beautiful sinary of the nature. Here land and water meet in many novel fashions, Wildlife presents many a spectacle. No wonder, you may come across a Royal Bengal Tiger swimming across the streams or the crocodiles basking on the river banks. With the approach of the evening herds of deer make for the darking glades where boisterous monkeys shower Keora leaves from above for sumptuous meal for the former. For the botanist, the lover of nature, the poet and the painter this land provides a variety of wonder for which they all crave. Its  beauty  lies in its unique natural surroundings. MAIN ATTRACTIONS Wildlife photography including photography of the famous Royal Bengal Tiger, wildlife viewing, boating inside the forest will call recordings, nature study, meeting fishermen, wood-cutters and honey-collectors, peace and tranquility in the wilderness, seeing the world’s largest mangrove forest and the riverine beauty. FAMOUS SPOTS The main tourist spots in Sundarban are Karamjol, Katka, Kochikhali, Hiron point and Mandarbaria. Hiron Point (Nilkamal) for tiger, deer, monkey, crocodiles, birds and natural beauty. Katka for deer, tiger, crocodiles, varieties of birds and monkey, morning and evening symphony of wild fowls. Vast expanse of grassy meadows running from Katka to Kachikhali (Tiger Point) provides opportunities for wild tracking. Tin Kona Island for tiger and deer. KARAMJOL Karmajal is one of the wonderful visiting places in sundarban. To appreciate and to view the most cherished species of Bangladesh’s wildlife, thousands of visitors make their way to Karamjol, a ranger station deep in the forest that also serves as a deer-breeding center. Bangladesh has some exquisite wildlife species that are unique to the country, and Karamjol is one of the gateways to the majestic wildlife sanctuary, Sundarban. About karamjol: Karamjol is one of the gateways to the majestic wildlife sanctuary, Sundarban. ? Karamjol, a ranger station deep in the forest that also serves as a deer-breeding center. ? In the year 1966, the 38 500 square kilometers of Sundarban was declared a wildlife sanctuary . ? Hunting in this area is strictly prohibited and illegal. ? Karamjol is one the main tourist attraction point in shundarban. ? Every year thousands of visitors make their trip to karamjol. ? The preservation and conservation of rare and endangered species, such as the Royal Bengal Tigers, are the primary concern of this national park. Wildlife of karamjol the treasure of karamjol is its wildlife. t is a kind of the focal point for the tourists. here one can enjoy the true sprite of the amateur forest. here one can see many kinds of species from birds to crocodiles. The lists of wildlife are following thereby: 1. Mammal, 2. Insect. 3. Bird species (260 species). 4. Reptiles and fish (120 species). 5. Wildlife enthusiast can look forward to viewing River Dolphins. 6. Salt-Water Crocodiles. 7. Deer. 8. Wild boar. 9. Ducks. 10. Sandpipers. 11. Moths. 12. Monkeys. 13. Snakes. 14. Foxes. 15. And the ever elusive and graceful Royal Bengal Tiger. Requirements and Recommended Items The requirements to make a trip to karamjol are quite easy and hassle free. they are following thereby: Visitors who are elicited in catching a glimpse of the breathtaking wildlife of Bangladesh at Karamjol and Sundarban must first gain permission from the Forest Officer before entering the forest. ? And vaccines against Cholera must be taken before leaving for Karamjol. ? Other recommended items for the trip include dressing according to the tropical climate. ? boots with rubber soles or comfortable walking shoes ? Adequate drinking water. ? Insect repellent. ? A medical kit. ? Anti-diarrhea medication. ? And ant-malarial medication is also proposed. Karamjol and the breathtaking natural world of the Sundarban Wildlife Sanctuary await the adventurous traveler. To stand in one of the world’s largest mangrove belts, the mysterious forests and swamp land, and be amidst he picturesque jungle of Bangladesh, is an experience that will stay forever embedded in the hearts of those who come to explore Bangladesh. DUBLAR CHOR Bangladesh is a wonderful country. Along with sky touching hills and forests there are a lot of majestic beaches and islands. Dublar chor is one of them. This island is an awesome place for visitors. This beautiful little island can be found on the southern border of the Sundarbans. It looks onto the magnificent bay of bangle, providing visitors with some outstanding views. It can be said that Dublar Chor is like paradise in the Bay of Bengle. Around 50,000 individuals stop here every year. Many of these visitors are local, but each year more and more foreigners seem to be added t o the mix. One of the main reasons that so many people make the trip out to Dublar Char annually is because it is the best location to celebrate Rash Mela and holy bath. This Hindu festival is based on the meeting of Radha and Krishna a pairing which is celebrated by a three-day long annual festival. The tradition dates back more than 200 years and is incredibly exciting for both local and international visitors . The island is beautiful and awesome†- that’s what I can say about the Dublar Char. The beach Is a nice one. And the water is like glass. Most important thing is that there is no  pollution  in the island. All are built by nature and taken care of by nature. Forest is very near and you can feel it. | | | | | | Dublar Char, a beautiful island known for its picturesque scenes, is famous for fishing and is a place for fishermen with abundant of fish fauna. One can enjoy the fishing here, The Island has all the natural beauty of any of the world renowned Islands. It is an attractive island where herds of spotted deer are often seen to graze. A casual walk around the Island provides the tourist with the chance of spotting many wild animals. With water all around and with lots of fish fauna, Dublar Char offers unique experience to the enthusiastic visitors. Key Development strategies for Branding Sundarbans 1. Establishing Priority Zones: Overall development of tourism in a country is a huge task that should be a coordinated effort while stakeholders, both public and private one, must reach a consensus in designing and creating priority zones for tourism in Bangladesh. Selecting priority zones is something that needs special focus and consideration from different sectors like Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism in collaboration with Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Forest and Environment, Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, different Chambers of Commerce & Industries, and interested corporate houses. To present an international standard Tourism Site, we not only have to take soft policies but also have to take hard policies as well. We ought to realize and believe that Branding for Sundarbans for the international visitors needs to understand the nature of available Tourism facilities they are interested in. 2. Marketing Mix Strategy: For any commercial venture appropriate marketing mix can play a dominating role along with other relevant mechanisms. When it comes to marketing mix for Sundarbans, the concept of marketing mix has to be understood in a way that the industry can become objectively profit oriented by using all its competitive advantages. The 7P’s, that is – Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical Evidence, of the marketing mix needs to pragmatically be considered to create effective market oriented customer services that can attract the local and international customers. There are sea, hill, historical and cultural tourism products in Bangladesh. That is why the nature of marketing strategy or product strategy should comply with the regions and its vicinity. Tourism as an invisible sector especially international tourism, as one of the most vibrant indistinguishable export sectors, get significant amount of foreign exchange to the balance of payment and makes very important contribution to the economic growth of a country (Hossain 2006). Tourism is regarded as an invisible export because it has the potential to bring foreign exchange to a country, through the provision of services to overseas visitors (Davidson 1994). 3. Branding Bangladesh as a Largest Mangrove Forest: In order to promote any country as tourist destination the collective efforts from the different stakeholders are mandatory because the bigger success of the promotion abroad depends on creating and presenting a very positive image of the country where the role of branding plays a definitive performance. So far as our tourism experiences are concerned our biggest fallout in tourism is lack of brand image. Briton (1979) in his article â€Å"the image of the third world in tourism marketing† pointed out the inability of the tourism industry to represent destinations as real places and noted that the third world destinations are portrayed as paradise, unspoiled, sensuous, mystical and/or exotic and these types of representation affect tourists’ expectations and behavior. As a result, branding Tourism in Bangladesh is a part of Branding Bangladesh as a nation, what means that Bangladesh should be branded first as a nation so that the products of the Bangladesh can be placed in the other parts of the world. Baker (2007) argues that creating a brand that is going to stand out from competitors, resonate with customer needs, and gain the support of local stakeholders requires patience, vision, collaboration, and strategic thinking. This is the high time for us to have a collective branding approach for Bangladeshi products abroad in general and for tourism in Bangladesh in particular. 4. Communications Strategy: Communication means a total sum of different facilities provided by roads and transports, power and energy, telecom and ICT based communication and so on. When the question of branding Bangladesh comes to the table of discussion, ur strategists both private and public ones should have a comparative picture of our communications with our neighborin g countries. Our roads and transport system cannot meet the global standard. Most of the roads of inter-district communications have been suffering from severe damage and maltreatment, for example, one passenger has to take about 7- 9 hours from Dhaka to Khulna. About 95% of the foreign airlines don’t cover any destinations of the country rather than Dhaka. The domestic flights between Dhaka and other destinations are not hassle free. World Wide Web creates a new avenue for a number of new players into the tourism marketplace. Internet as a main distribution mechanism for direct contact is the noteworthy creation. A well-organized, informative, easily accessible attractive website needs to be designed to pull the tourists. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the prime criteria here to make the browser hit the particular website. Better communication will increase the number of domestic tourists as well as overseas tourists. 5. Accommodation Strategy Developing unique accommodation facilities is an integral part of total tourism approach. What has to be stated here is that accommodation facility for tourism industry must be designed in different tiers. In addition, establishment of food shops and restaurants should also focus on income level of the different tourists. Here we want to state that local administration and business body should come forward to control this malpractice. In order to attract international tourists, some accommodation facilities should have all kind of services that are making available by our competitors. 6. Role of Financial Institutions: Tourism has yet to be recognized as an industry in our country. To establish or to recognize a concern as industry different organs of the society, business and government should frame a uniform code of policies where the role of financial institutions is in the front line. Short, medium and long-term project-financing needs to be made available to boost need-based portfolio investment in tourism sector. So, financial institutions, different business organizations and potential investors of this sector might develop a joint working policy to turn tourism into a full-fledged industry where concerned backward and forward linkage industries are equally treated as inevitable part of tourism advancement in Bangladesh. 7. Safety and Security Strategy Many of our tourist places happen to be quite vulnerable to security concerns. Most people believe that effective vigilance by the security agencies play vital role in maintaining security. In some cases, it is true that law enforcing authority can ensure safety and security. On the other hand, if we look into causes of the insecurity in one place, surprisingly it is found that most miscreants and trouble makers are from the locality. Consequently, moral, ethical and cultural upliftment of the local people, to a large extent, is the fundamental and sentinel for ensuring security of tourists. In the same vein, some quarters think that formation and the deployment of especial security force, which may realistically be called â€Å"Tourist Police†, can provide substantial security benefit along with regular security agencies. For example, an specialized police (Beach Police) are already in operation in Cox’s Bazaar but what has to be in the front line is that they need to be equipped so as to withstand against any disturbance from any quarter on beaches. Tourism as an industry can have all grounds to contribute to the national exchequer along with other industries. Perhaps, it sounds quite new when it comes up as industry in our country but tourism is one of the oldest industries across the world. As we look into the growth of tourism in the region, we do come to see bewildering facts that many countries of this region those developed quite a lot in industry did not have substantial natural advantages to turn tourism into industry; however, they for example, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Singapore took effective and rational strategies to establish tourism as industry. At the same time, many countries of this region have earned considerable trust and financial benefit out of their tourism. Bangladesh as a country having enormous natural facilities and being at cross section of the land can be an illustrious destination of tourism. To make Bangladesh so, effective tourism strategies and contemporary product mix have no alternative. Therefore, categorization and segmentation of tourism product remain a challenging issue for our concerned strategies. As we understand, Bangladesh has dedicated room to develop tourism in the areas of hill, sea, history and culture. Concl usion The Sundarbans area is one of the most densely populated in the world, and the population is increasing. As a result, half of this ecoregion’s mangrove forests have been cut down to supply fuelwood and other natural resources. Despite the intense and large-scale exploitation, this still is one of the largest contiguous areas of mangroves in the world. Another threat comes from deforestation and water diversion from the rivers inland, which causes far more silt to be brought to the estuary, clogging up the waterways. A new Khulna Forest Circle was created in Bangladesh back in 1993 to preserve the forest, and Chief Conservators of Forests have been posted since. The direct administrative head of the Division is the Divisional Forest Officer, based at Khulna, who has a number of professional, subprofessional and support staff and logistic supports for the implementation of necessary management and administrative activities. The basic unit of management is the compartment. There are 55 compartments in four Forest Ranges and these are clearly demarcated mainly by natural features such as rivers, canals and creeks. The Sundarbans plays an important role in the economy of the southwestern region of  Bangladesh  as well as in the national economy. It is the single largest source offorest produce  in the country. The forest provides raw materials for wood based industries. In addition to traditional forest produce like timber, fuelwood, pulpwood etc. large scale harvest of non wood forest products such as thatching materials,honey, bees-wax, fish, crustacean and mollusk resources of the forest takes place regularly. The vegetated tidal lands of the Sundarbans also function as an essential habitat, produces nutrients and purifies water. The forest also traps nutrient and sediment, acts as a storm barrier, shore stabilizer and energy storage unit. Last but not the least, the Sunderbans provides a wonderful aesthetic attraction for local and foreign tourists.

Free Essays on Art And Law

In today’s society artist feel that they should have free reign that would entitle them to create anything they feel necessary and depict whatever they desire without any regard to the content, imagery, or morality of their work. They believe it would hinder their work to have limitations placed upon them and their artwork. They hold the opinion that they should be able to express themselves in anyway, and anywhere. In my opinion artists have lost the ability and the want to create things pleasing to the eye, mind, and soul. Artists of this day and age feel that they are above the law because what they create is done all for the sake of art. Artists seem to have no ethic when it comes to their work. They create thing simply for the reaction. When commissioned to create a piece of art they get upset when limits are put on them. They are given a grant to create a piece of art and guidelines to follow and they become upset when they are told that they did not meet the guid elines because they chose to go off on their own path of expression. Not only do standards come with money but as citizens we all have standards to live by. The United States has law that prohibits certain content from being displayed in public, but some artist only seem intent to push the envelope when it comes to these laws. Just as censorship and the creation of art viewed as obscene exist today, it existed in the past. Some felt it was necessary to prevent the viewing of obscene art because even thought it had artistic value, the obscene content exceeded the artistic value. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the king of Naples initiated an excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii, Rome. In 1748, the first intact fresco and a skeleton were discovered and it became clear that this was a remarkable archaeological site, unlike any previously unearthed remains of the ancient world (Douzinas and Nead 203). Among these amazing finds were sexually expl... Free Essays on Art And Law Free Essays on Art And Law In today’s society artist feel that they should have free reign that would entitle them to create anything they feel necessary and depict whatever they desire without any regard to the content, imagery, or morality of their work. They believe it would hinder their work to have limitations placed upon them and their artwork. They hold the opinion that they should be able to express themselves in anyway, and anywhere. In my opinion artists have lost the ability and the want to create things pleasing to the eye, mind, and soul. Artists of this day and age feel that they are above the law because what they create is done all for the sake of art. Artists seem to have no ethic when it comes to their work. They create thing simply for the reaction. When commissioned to create a piece of art they get upset when limits are put on them. They are given a grant to create a piece of art and guidelines to follow and they become upset when they are told that they did not meet the guid elines because they chose to go off on their own path of expression. Not only do standards come with money but as citizens we all have standards to live by. The United States has law that prohibits certain content from being displayed in public, but some artist only seem intent to push the envelope when it comes to these laws. Just as censorship and the creation of art viewed as obscene exist today, it existed in the past. Some felt it was necessary to prevent the viewing of obscene art because even thought it had artistic value, the obscene content exceeded the artistic value. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the king of Naples initiated an excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii, Rome. In 1748, the first intact fresco and a skeleton were discovered and it became clear that this was a remarkable archaeological site, unlike any previously unearthed remains of the ancient world (Douzinas and Nead 203). Among these amazing finds were sexually expl...

How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic

How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic Great science fair projects dont need to be expensive or difficult. Even so, science fair projects can be very stressful and frustrating for students, parents, and teachers! Here are some tips for coming up with science fair project ideas, deciding how to turn an idea into a clever project, performing the science fair project, writing a meaningful report about it, and presenting a great-looking, sturdy display. The key to getting the most out of your science fair project is to start working on it as soon as possible! If you wait until the last minute you will feel rushed, which leads to feelings of frustration and anxiety, which makes good science harder than it needs to be. These steps for developing a science project work, even if you procrastinate until the last possible minute, but your experience wont be as much fun! Science Fair Project Ideas Some people are brimming with great science project ideas. If you are one of those lucky students, feel free to skip to the next section. If, on the other hand, the brainstorming part of the project is your first hurdle, read on! Coming up with ideas isnt a matter of brilliance. Its a matter of practice! Dont try to come up with only one idea and make it work. Come up with lots of ideas. First: think about what interests you. If your science project is restricted to a subject, then think about your interests within those limits. This is a chemistry site, so Ill use chemistry as an example. Chemistry is a huge, broad category. Are you interested in foods? properties of materials? toxins? drugs? chemical reactions? salt? tasting colas? Go through everything you can think of that relates to your broad topic and write down anything that sounds interesting to you. Dont be timid. Give yourself a brainstorming time limit (like 15 minutes), enlist the help of friends, and dont stop thinking or writing until the time is up. If you cant think of anything that interests you about your subject (hey, some classes are required, but not everyones cup of tea, right?), then force yourself to think up and write down every topic under that subject until your time is up. Write down broad topics, write down specific topics. Write anything that comes to mind - have fun! See, there are LOTS of ideas! If you were desperate, you had to resort to ideas on websites or in your textbook, but you should have some ideas for projects. Now, you need to narrow them down and refine your idea into a workable project. Science is based on the scientific method, which means you need to come up with a testable hypothesis for a good project. Basically, you need to find a question about your topic that you can test to find an answer. Look over your idea list (dont be afraid to add to it at any time or cross off items that you dont like... its your list, after all) and write down questions that you can ask and can test. There are some questions you cant answer because you dont have the time or the materials or the permission to test. With respect to time, think of a question that can be tested over a fairly short time span. Avoid panic and dont try to answer questions that take most of the time you have for the entire project. An example of a question that can be answered quickly: Can cats be right or left pawed? Its a simple yes or no question. You can get preliminary data (assuming you have a cat and a toy or treats) in a matter of seconds, and then determine how you will construct a more formal experiment. (My data indicates yes, a cat can have a paw preference. My cat is left-pawed, just in case you are wondering.) This example illustrates a couple of points. First, yes/no, positive/negative, more/less/same, quantitative questions are easier to test/answer than value, judgement, or qualitative questions. Second, a simple test is better than a complicated test. If you can, plan to test one simple question. If you combine variables (Like determining whether paw use varies between males and females or according to age), you will make your project infinitely more difficult. Heres a first chemistry question: What concentration of salt (NaCl) needs to be in water before you can taste it? If you have a calculator, measuring utensils, water, salt, tongue, pen, and paper, youre set! Then you can proceed to the next section on experimental design. Still stumped? Take a break and go back to the brainstorming section later. If you are having a mental block, you need to relax in order to overcome it. Do something that relaxes you, whatever that may be. Play a game, take a bath, go shopping, exercise, meditate, do housework... as long as you get your mind off of the subject for a bit. Come back to it later. Enlist help from family and friends. Repeat as necessary and then continue to the next step.

The evaluation of the efficiency of the food control systems in uk Essay

The evaluation of the efficiency of the food control systems in uk - Essay Example Changes in eating habits, centralized processing as well as large-scale production have all affected the food system in the country. The British system of food control focuses on food safety problems. The responsibility of taking care of the other aspects of food control is in the hands of the food industry (McEhatton and MArshall, 2007). In the UK, consumers are aware of the way food is processed and marketed and they play an important role in ensuring that food control systems are not violated. According to FAO, food control management can be described as the â€Å"continuous process of planning, organizing, coordinating and communicating a broad range of risk-based decisions and actions† which are designed to ensure that the quality and safety of imported and locally produced food for all consumers is upheld (Wallace, Sperber and Mortimore, 2010). Food control management is a practice that covers operational responsibilities and policy implementation of various government departments in relation to food control. The food management system in the UK is centralized. The government is responsible for ensuring that food safety regulations are followed throughout the country (McEhatton and MArshall, 2007). In practice this responsibility is shared by both the central and local government. The central authorities charged with the responsibility of ensuring food control rules are followed are the Food Standards Agency, Defra as well as the Agriculture Department. The main job of monitoring and inspection is carried out by the local authorities. Local Foods Authorities (LA) and the Port Local Authorities (PLAs) carry out food safety and standard checks on food products at points of entry. LAs are also responsible for checking foods on the inland (Staete, 2008). The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is an autonomous Department in the central government that is responsible for providing

MGMT345 U4 IP Diversity Training Manual IV Research Paper

MGMT345 U4 IP Diversity Training Manual IV - Research Paper Example Department of Labor, n.d.). The act defines religious beliefs to include both theistic and non-theistic. Title VII requires organisations to accommodate employees whose sincere requirements of his religion conflict with the requirements of the work upon notice of request unless id doing so there will be undue hardship in the workplace. Title VII defines accommodation as an adjustment that will allow the employee to be able to practice his/her religion (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.). The need for accommodation may stem from the beliefs of a person conflict with a particular task of the position or the application process. Accommodation requests in most cases relate to work time table, attire, or religious expression at work. Hardship is said to have occurred if the accommodation is costly, can compromise safety at work, reduces work efficiency, infringes on other employees’ rights, and requires fellow employees to do more than their fair share of work that is hazardous or burdensome. Hardship maybe apparent if the accommodation is in violation of the conditions of collective bargaining agreement or job rights through a ranking system. The cost hardship to the organisation must be more than a minimum impact on the organisation. The hardship on an organisation cannot be a speculation but must be genuine (U.S . Department of Labour, n.d.). Orthodox Jews also called Frum Jews consider themselves the guardians of the commandments (Orthodox Jews.com). They are divided into Hasidic and Yeshivish Jews. The word Frum stands for observant (Orhodox-Jews.com). The Hasisdic culture bans people from going to college. Part of Hasidic Jewish culture is remaining segregated which includes being isolated from non Frum Jews. It is part of isolation not to watch tv and in most homes, computers are banned from children. A belief that can be accommodated at work is their dressing which is rather conservative. Another belief that can be accommodated at work is

Introduction to international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to international relations - Essay Example Neo-classical realism is a combination of both classical and neo realism that accepts both system level and state level natures. Liberalism is a state level theory that believes in the goodness of society. It argues that states try to create peace and cooperation. The last theory is constructivism that claims that the reason behind a particular state behavior is the unique features of the state. Admittedly, in order to understand the America-Vietnam relation, a mere state level theory will be gravely insufficient. The best way to understand the U.S- Vietnam relation throughout the history is to analyze it in the light of a system level theory as the relation was, and is, largely shaped by the international power equations, not because of the special features existed in the nature of America or Vietnam. In addition, neither America nor Vietnam showed even the slightest hint of benevolence, thus proving the unsuitability of constructivism. Thus, the theory that can best explain the rel ation is neo-realism, and a little bit of force can make classical realism too fit for explaining the relations, though inadequate. The tenets of neo-realism Neo-realism is a system level theory and it does not take the individual character of states into consideration. According to neo-realism, the reactions of the states are the results of fluctuations in the international system. As there is no international government that controls the actions of governments, there is total anarchy in the international sphere that makes states always vulnerable to the atrocities by others. Thus, states are always in the effort to gain power in order to protect themselves. However, a rise in power and influence results in more rivalry and more unrest. In this international arena, states have no way other than either defending themselves or attacking their rivals first. A look into history will prove that the American-Vietnam relation was mainly the result of the power movements in the internation al sphere which was mainly bipolar in nature. The America-Vietnam Relation A look into history proves that the American-Vietnam relation can be better understood in the light of neo-realist perspective. The neo-realism, similar to classical realism, argues that all states try to amass power, and that while seeking to increase their own power, they seek to reduce the power of their enemies too. In addition, it is argued in the theory that such states consider other states with power as their enemies. When there is equality of power, peace exists as the players are equal in resources. According neo-realism, the nature of the international system gives birth to power struggles among nations. As Glenn, Howlett, and Poore (2004, 22) state, since there is no world government that controls the movements of national governments, there is total anarchy, and the governments do everything they can to remain secure; hence, when there is a perceived threat to their sovereignty, states either att ack first hand or defend themselves using any possible means they have access to. Admittedly, a look into the America-Vietnam relations will prove that the American intervention in Vietnam was the result of the international power relations that existed at that time, and at that point of time, US had no other option other than the military action. Admittedly, the American interest in the Far East is as old as the National

Project Plan Of Newhall Place Construction Essay

Project Plan Of Newhall Place Construction Essay A brief physical description of the building (including architectural style and the materials used), its history and why it has been granted a listed status. Newhall Place is located at Newhall Hill Birmingham West Midlands B1 3JH. It was built about 1860 and designed by H.R. Yeoville Thomason, who was also responsible for many of Birminghams finest buildings. He designed the Council House and much of Colmore Row. The building was first occupied by a firm of merchants, Shaw Hawkes Co, but by 1871 No. 16 had become the premises of Phipps Pickering and Richard, Brewers. By the 1880s it had become part of the Newhall Wire Works in nearby George Street and is now a Grade II Listed building. This imaginative courtyard development still retains much of this character from 19th Century with exposed beams, arched sash windows and an atrium style courtyard. The durability of an arched window depends on the type of window used and the location, especially how much wear and tear it will receive in that area of the home. There is also the fact that arched windows require special skill in the installation. The contractor will need to frame-in the opening to accommodate the arched design, being sure to install the proper support. He/she should also carefully caulk and seal the arch to create a strong moisture and air barrier. Without a strong seal, your window will require costly repair down the road. (http://www.calfinder.com/library/window/types/Arches-Bring-Style-to-Your-Windows) Every windows and doors have an arch or round on top of them, it seems like a gothic style as specially arranged with brickwork at the outer faà §ade facing the street side. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Consideration of the impact of the fixed internal layout of the building on a conversion project, in comparison with modern construction techniques. First of all, most of the historical building preserved has its own characteristics in both architectural or structurally design for purpose and its original use. Although most people may consider to demolish the entire building or alter part of it when come to a project involving change of use or other intend, the existing internal layout usually not capable to accommodate the new design from the architect in terms of modern construction method or techniques in related to the purpose of use. The fundamental problems encompassing the allocation of structure/partition wall, column, beam, staircase, basement, sky light, ceiling/false ceiling, drainage pipe and ducting. In order to retain the front faà §ade which is the major issue to maintain the outlook and architectural feature of historical building, most of the structural elements are not recommended to alter. It is not only not changing the appearance outside but the internal fixed elements would not be suggested to modify since in structural aspect the main structure especially when constructed in brickwork most of the wall, column and beam form the main structural framework. It is easy to notice that those elements are connected to each other in specific joints structure. In most case, it will be more wisely not to touch that part but considering how to reinforce and provide adequate lateral and vertical support to the faà §ade and also the internal structure prior to and during the construction stage. Nowadays, most of the AA works would employ a structural engineer to investigate the existing structure and provide adequate checking in order to determine whether the structures serviceabil ity is strong enough to cater the loading during construction or for future use. One of the key factors of the modern construction in terms of structural stability is spreading the loads by transferring to reinforced concrete column and beam which the load path is much more simple and consistent. With less r.c. structure wall partitions, the space within the entire layout will be enhanced remarkably as well as the flexibility for architect design. Another modern method is to construct a high grade r.c. core wall in the middle of the building like IFC 2 in Hong Kong, the main structure can provide sufficient strength so allow the structural steel elements to attach to and thus the reduction of r.c. beam and column will release more space and headroom. Such structural design can give more flexibility in internal partitioning, where those partitions wouldnt form part of the structure hence future alternation and change of use can be facilitate. To conclude the above, there are much mor e limitations for old design building in compare with modern building in terms of fixed internal layout. Many examples in Hongkong such as 181 shopping mall (former police headquarter in TST) and Murray House in Stanley selected not to ruin the fixed layout but renovate in aesthetic without touching the main structure. c) Consideration of underpinning; waterproofing of basements; upgrading and retrofitting of building services; remedying dampness; repair of masonry; treatment of timber defects. Underpinning First of all, it is recommended to employ a structural engineer to have an investigation over the existing foundations including the main structure, soil bearing capacity, water table etc. First of all, a thorough inspection over the existing superstructure and the basement to reveal if there is any major and apparent crack over the main structure where the temporary supporting system can be determined and also the subsequent main structure reinforcement scheme can be assessed. Secondly, to check over the buried foundation under the basement, adopt trial hole excavation with adequate lateral support at the backyard will be suggested. The fact of the condition of soil and also the existing foundation and the water table could be revealed. Meanwhile the bearing capacity would be obtained by checking with the adoption of method of plate-load test or the like. In our experience, raft foundation should be the most possible existing structure constructed in brickwork for such old building over 150 years. To avoid the disturbance of the existing foundation, it is recommended to have a partial excavation with relative small area in alternative pattern so not to remove too much support from the existing foundation subject to further analysis structural calculation after obtaining relevant data from the inspections. Owing the building is only 2 stories high, thus mass concrete fill could be adopted since shadow partial excavation can be achieved without too many lateral support over the limited space due to the allocation of the building with one side facing the street and two sides abutted to adjacent buildings. Waterproofing of Basement A black, liquid applied single-component moisture-cured bitumen modified polyurethane waterproofing system, which provides superior protection against the penetration of water. Bitumen modified polyurethane elastomer a two-component system is available, which does not depend on atmosphere moisture. Basic uses once cured, the liquid membrane allows expansion and contraction over a broad temperature range and maintains flexibility and waterproofing properties under continuous exposure to water above or below grade. It has a thixotorpic consistency and may be used on vertical as well as horizontal surfaces. The wide range of purposes including application over concrete, stone, brick, cement blocks, wood, metal, asbestos and most other surfaces. After the preparation of the wall surfaces and application of waterproofing membrane, render the wall and screed the floor with one layer of cement sand protective layer. Sump pit system can be adopted in designated location to prevent the failure of the membrane ruin the entire waterproofing system when leakage happen in the future. One layer of extruded polystyrene foam board then be fixed on top of the screed/render to provide a media to reduce the risk of condensation and also enhance the insulation of the entire basement tackle the temperature change. Finally, cover up with a layer of brick (to wall) and the floor with another layer of screed equipped with steel mesh in 2 layers (both top bottom) to form a rigid protective system against external damage to the insulation/waterproofing membrane. Although the space inside will be reduced, still this could be the best waterproofing system to deal with upgrading and retrofitting of building services Electrical Since the entire building used brickwork for construction and structure. To avoid damage or further deteriorate the brickwork, electrical conduit shall be fixed on the existing brickwall without forming a trench for conceal. It may be looking shinning of the GMS conduit finishes but paint should be considered to apply to match with the tone of the wall design. MVAC It is recommended to provide suitable MVAC system to both the upper lower basement due to the confined area below ground level. Installation of ducting within the premises would not be a problem by fixing expansion bolt to the soffit of ceiling. On the other hand, the EAD shall be designed to run along the exterior wall at the backyard to higher level. In order to ensure the architect design and the aim of aesthetic, simply install false ceiling system would make the interior more neat and unify where the exterior pipe/duct can be cladded with aluminum cladding or GRC panel to match with the existing finishes. The Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system will be selected for air conditioning system based on easy to install, small installation space and easy to repair, the installation methods like the Split-Type Air Conditioning. The Mechanical Ventilation system will install individual the intake and exhaust fan in class room and corridors Fig. xxxx Fire Services To comply with the latest government ordinance and statutory regulation, it is advised that to appoint several design in terms of the followings in FS aspect. To improve the extinguishment and containment system, the ceiling will require install sprinkler system (Fig. xxxxx). Fire rated doors will install between the escape route and corridor area in each floor for isolate the fire occurred. Portable firefighting equipment, included fire extinguishers, fire blankets and sand buckets. Fixed firefighting equipment, included Hose reels, Sprinkler system ,Fig. xxxx, and Firefighting lift Fig: Sprinkler System Plumbing Drainage The major problem will be related to the underground drainage system, what can be seen above ground level should be relatively easier either retain or divert subject to the new architect layout. The u/g drainage shall be redesign subject to the availability of existing sub-structure. It may not be difficult to relocate the existing manhole but it needs to be using the previous opening inside the u/g structure to avoid disturbance of the stability or otherwise too many alternation will affect the overall rigidity of entire structure, subsequently cost/time implication to the project may be enhanced. Part Two. Q1 Your Client has retained your company as Project Managers (offering a full range of services ranging from Professional Design services together with Health and Safety). As a Principal Contractor / CDM Coordinator prepare a detailed Health and Safety Risk Assessment to accompany the tender documentation for the demolition and / or refurbishment of the existing buildings Noise Noise may be defined as sound undesired by the recipient. Besides being a nuisance, noise may interfere with working efficiency, cause accident and most important for resulting in hearing loss to employee. In deciding what the noise control measures to provide, the essential thing is to make a noise assessment to determine what exactly the ideal figure of sound reduction. The sequence will be as below:- Assessing neighborhood noise. Assessing noise (Including noisy plants equipment) generated on site. Deciding the most affected noise sensitive receiver. Comparing the quantitative data calculated from 3 steps before. Making reference to the current statutory regulations. Setting the specific limit. Deciding the noise source. Setting the individual control measure by the means of the following: Substitution (replace equipment with silenced type). Enclosure (enclose equipment by outer wall with inner lining of an acoustically absorbent). Silencers (add). Screens (provide with acoustic screens). Assessing noise level generated on site. Reviewing monitoring the status. Action level can be determined for actions. A report in the prescribed form shall be submitted to the relevant department as soon as possible. For exceeding First Action Level, a warning notice shall be displayed for specification of distance for noisy machines or tools. Between First and Second Action Levels a daily personal noise exposure between 85 and 89.9 dB(A), when employees are exposed, the site are required to provide suitable approved ear protectors to employees who request for them. Between Second and Peak Action Levels a daily personal noise exposure of 90 dB(A); a peak sound pressure level of 140 dB or 200 Pa, the site are required to provide suitable approved ear protectors to employees and enforce them to use properly. Having finished each assessment, a list will be generated to inform all subcontractors how far are the hearing protection zone are. The General Foreman / Foreman should post noise labels and follow the rules in the different action levels. Dust Dusts usually fall into three groups when considered as hazards. They are toxic, nuisance and fibrosis producing. Adequate ventilation, efficient dust suppression, good housekeeping and proper personal protection are required to control dust explosions. Basically, substituting a less dangerous material for those from which dust arises is a method to control. To arrest the dust and collect it as near as possible to the point of origin, local exhaust ventilation is needed to install. To be effective, a mask must be fitted carefully and must be kept clean and the filter must be replaced when necessary. To enclose a work process that produces dust is also a method we can take. In spite of all precautions, some dust will always escape from the plant. It must be prevented from accumulating in workrooms by the regular and frequent cleaning of all parts of rooms and plant. First-aid Facilities Adequate number of first-aider and facilities in accordance with the law should be provided on site. It may have saved the casualtys life through the application of appropriate first aid measures. However, his life can be lost through rough handling or careless transportation procedures. Before you attempt to move the casualty. Housekeeping The laws including F IU Ordinance Regulations, Air Pollution Control Ordinance (Cap. 311), Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance, Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations, Air Pollution Control (Open Burning) Regulations and Air Pollution (Construction Dust) Regulations demand us to have a good housekeeping. The common hazards on site are openings, projecting nails or metal fragments at dumping area etc. Removing debris frequently is better than dealing with them after being stacked to a large amount and has advantages both in save time and money. Rag, oil, grease should be regarded as chemical waste. Waste paper or cans should be kept in rubbish bin, which is removed immediately if full. Waste reinforcement or other valuable materials should be saved in a particular place. All tools or equipment should be kept in storeroom after used. A safe means of access shall be maintained up to the required standards. Removing projecting nails as quickly as possible. Demolition Effective planning and monitoring are required to ensure that the demolition process or the partially demolished elements left at the end of each day of work does not pose any danger to the works, the general public and the adjacent properties. The General Foreman / Foreman shall provide all necessary precautionary measures to protect the works, the building, the occupants, the public and other prior to commencement of the demolition works. The General Foreman / Foreman shall ensure the means of escape provisions as well as fire compartment of the premises are maintained throughout the Contract period both for the renovation area and the adjacent tenancies.. Stability Report Including Calculations A report on the stability of the building to be demolished is required during all stages of demolition if necessary. Temporary Supports When temporary supports to structure is required, check the entire scaffolding assembly and utilities before demolition. Housekeeping Material shall be properly stored. Access ways and work areas shall be free of obstructions. Waste shall be properly disposed of at least daily. Do not overload any members. Dangerous Zone Cordon off any identified dangerous zones. The site shall be locked up all the time. In order to avoid trespasser, the General Foreman / Foreman shall inspect the premise each shift prior to work. Utilities Permit-to-work system is activating. Electrical Safety All electrically powered equipment or hand tools, except double insulated hand tools, shall be grounded. Portable hand tools and electrically powered equipment shall be used with a circuit breaker. Electrical equipment shall be disconnected or the current otherwise interrupted while it is being adjusted or repaired. Outlets, switching, junction boxes, etc. shall be covered. Exposed noncurrent-carry metal parts of fixed equipment that may become energized under abnormal conditions shall be grounded when in wet or damp locations. After demolition Clear away all debris. Secure boundary unless reinstatement has been made. Provide a Method Statement for the key stages of the entire project and a Construction Program identifying the key stages (i.e. this is not a definitive list) demolition, faà §ade retention, temporary works, high water table etc. Foundation Underpinning 1) Excavation shall be proceeded with respected to the structural engineer for adequate depth and the sequence prescribed. 2) Lateral support shall be followed according the same manner to the desire depth. 3) Concreting to the module of foundation as designed in alternative. 4) Backfilling at not more than the specified depth of each layer, shoring shall be dismantled successively. Ground water control In some cases, the ground water conditions found during site investigation may change before or during site investigation. Such changes may be due to the construction of basements nearby, natural flooding or artificial causes, such as a burst water main. The methods of ground water control may be divided into three broad groups: pumping, cut-off walling, and special methods. The choice of method depends mainly on site conditions and on the soil characteristics. These include:- size and location; thickness and type of soil strata; magnitude of water pressures in various strata; proposed permanent structure relative to soil strata; length of time for which the excavation must be open; prevention of damage to adjacent structures; relationship between the proposed dewatering method and the construction sequence. Dewatering Pumping from sumps Widely used in deep excavations for trench or basement. There are several major problems:- Soil movement due to settlement Ground affected by water flow towards sump Instability at formation level in timbered excavations owing to upward movement of water The general solution is to dig sump at corner of excavation below formation level. Open Sump The sump is usually formed away from the construction area in a corner of the excavation. The water is led into the sump, either by sloping the ground towards it or by using shallow garland drains which feed into the sump. Pumping from open sumps is limited to a maximum depth of about 8m. Jetted Sump In this method, a hole is formed in the ground by jetting metal tube. A disposable intake strainer connected to a disposable flexible suction pipe is then lowered into the hole, and the void filled with sand filter media. This suction pipe is connected to a pump which pumps out the ground water. Demolition 1) Temporary support such as racking shore shall be installed at each floor prior to any demolition work commence. Demolition Work 1) Statutory and contractual Requirements shall be followed and implement on site at all time. 2) All demolition works shall be carried out in accordance with the Building (Demolition Works) Regulations, the Draft Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings as well as Building Department Practice Notes. 3) Before any demolition work is commenced, a sufficient survey for proper identified of any structural problems and risk associated with flammable and hazardous substance, utilities etc. 4) Location of Utilities 4.1) The whole area, which is affected by any possible demolition works, shall be identified. 4. 2) Plans or other suitable information about all utilities especially concealed pipes in the vicinity of the proposed works before any demolition work starts shall be obtained. 4.3 ) Shut off, cap, or otherwise control all electric, gas, water, sewer and other service lines before demolition work is started. Permit-to-work system shall be activated. 4.4) If it is necessary to maintain any power, water, or other utilities during demolition, such lines should be temporarily relocated as necessary and/ or protected. 4.5) plan on the proposed methods for handling and disposal of debris including the permissible temporary accumulation of building debris and the transportation route shall then be evolved. 4.6) Stability Report with supporting calculations shall be generated. Faà §ade Retention 1) To design by the structural engineer with the project manager to investigate the most economical and efficient method prior to determine the sequence of work. 2) Provide suitable foundation at ground level and erect the steel prop above the temporary footing. 3) Continued with the diagonal bracing and transom to form a stable framework floor by floor from bottom and up sequence, make sure the bolting is securely fixed. 4) Floor slab shall be hacked off to let the framework going up and through the slab. 5) The configuration of framework will be similar to fly racking shore. Your Client is also concerned that they discharge their statutory obligations under the CDM Regulations, in addition to the Health and Safety Risk Assessment. Explain the workings of the CDM regulations and how these affect them as developers throughout the entire contract (i.e. demolition, new build and refurbishment). The clients duty in relation to the health and safety file (1) The client shall ensure that the CDM co-ordinator is provided with all the health and safety information in the clients possession (or which is reasonably obtainable) relating to the project which is likely to be needed for inclusion in the health and safety file, including information specified in regulation 4(9)(c) of the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006(a). (2) Where a single health and safety file relates to more than one project, site or structure, or where it includes other related information, the client shall ensure that the information relating to each site or structure can be easily identified. (3) The client shall take reasonable steps to ensure that after the construction phase the information in the health and safety file (a) is kept available for inspection by any person who may need it to comply with the relevant statutory provisions; and (b) is revised as often as may be appropriate to incorporate any relevant new information. (4) It shall be sufficient compliance with paragraph (3)(a) by a client who disposes of his entire interest in the structure if he delivers the health and safety file to the person who acquires his interest in it and ensures that he is aware of the nature and purpose of the file. In anticipation that a project comprising of demolition, alteration and refurbishment, will proceed based on your recommendation, advise on the scope and nature of the project team. This should include the timing and sequence of appointments. Designer/Architect Consultants To provide design of the architectural layout, featuring, what to be retained or demolished To provide detail information about the aesthetical features, design of lighting, furring and finishing to internal/external area. Professional Structural Engineer To provide structural calculation and analysis for the followings: Soil bearing capacity and foundation upgrading design Inspection to the substructure elements with remedial proposal Inspection to the superstructure elements with remedial proposal Temporary lateral support for foundation work Vertical/lateral support for the retention of faà §ade unit and/or structural elements 4. The Building Team Building is a group activity and its success depends on a good understanding and operation between a large number of people. The participants involved can be conveniently arranged into groups or teams according to their particular interest and /or involvement as follows:- 4.1 Client Team The client or the building owner has the responsibility for defining the building to suit needs, establishing and providing the necessary finances, agreeing design and construction phases, timetabling, and, of course, fulfilling the management and running of the completed project. A potential client must establish whether to build or not to build. Having decided that a new building is necessary to provide additional or alternative space, it is important that consideration is then given to when the space will be needed. Various problems are needed to be solved, such as: land acquisition, establishment of rights, development permits, planning permission, building approval, contractor selection and subsequent erection. Most building is undertaken from money made available in the form of a loan therefore, interest rates are important. In this respect, the government has direct influence and can use the building industry as a regulator for the economy of the country. Once the money becomes available for a building, the client will require speedy action for its design, construction and subsequent use so that the lost interest, which would have been gained through alternative financial investments, may be speedily recouped. The total cost of a building must include the professional fees of the Design Team which the client appoints. 4.2 User Team User Team forms a vital link between design concepts and built reality. An example of User Team is the advisory organization formed by the tenants of public housing. 4.3 Design Team There are a great many people in a Design Team who concerned with supplying the design expertise which will make a building possible. Principal Designers generally include architects, interior designers, and building surveyors. They are responsible for the overall design of the project. Architects design and prepare the production information for most building projects. They will also inspect the construction work on site. Interior Designers can also prepare design and production information for a building, and provide supervision of work, but, they may be specifically concerned with the interior of a building and need additional advisers in order to deal with all the design and construction processes involved in total building. Building Surveyors are sometimes responsible for the design and supervision of certain building work although they are more usually carry out surveys of structural soundness, condition of dilapidation or repair, alterations/extensions to existing buildings and market value of existing buildings. Specialist Designers include civil and structural engineers, services engineers, and those concerned with specific aspects of architecture, including landscape, interiors, office planning, etc. They provide expertise concerning certain aspects of a building and whose requirements are often coordinated by the Principal Designer. For example: HVAC Communications Drainage and plumbing Electrical Fire services Security systems Civil and Structural Engineers are employed to assist Principal Designers on building projects which contain appreciable quantities of structural work, such as reinforced concrete, complex steel or timber work, or foundations which are either complex or abnormal. Services Engineers work with other designers and are concerned with environmental control lighting, heating, air conditioning, and sound modulation; electrical installations, plumbing and waste-disposal systems; and mechanical services, such as lift installations and electrical conductors. Quantity Surveyors provide the cost control and financial advice to client, principal designers and specialist designers. They are responsible for preparing Bills of Quantities. Also, during the actual construction period for a project, he must measure and value the work carried out at regular (monthly) intervals and submit details to the overall financial administrator (usually the principal designer) for payments from client to contractor. They also advises on the use of sums of money listed in the Bill of Quantities for contingency or provisional items, the cost of making variations in areas originally described in the Bills or indicated on the drawings, and settlement of the final account for the finished project. Depending on the precise nature of a project, the combined cost of these professional fees will vary from between 12% and 20% of the final construction costs. 4.3 Research Team Researchers are those making understanding and development of current construction methods (materials and technical ability). The aim of the research is to discover facts by means of scientific study and, in matters concerning building, covers a very wide area of knowledge requiring controlled programming of critical investigation of chosen subjects. 4.4 Legislative Team They negotiate with the relevant authorities to clarify certain legal requirements. Building Ordinance Office, Planning Department, Fire Services Department, Highways Department, Urban Council, etc. On site management level, a builder has to ensure that the building site maintains safe and healthy conditions for employees, and that the general public should be adequately pro